Accuracy, Precision of Instruments and Errors in measurement
Significant Figures
Dimensions of Physical Quantities
Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
Dimensional Analysis and its Applications
Summary
Introduction
Positon, Path Length and Displacement
Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed
Velocity and its Types
Acceleration
Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Relative Velocity
Summary
Introduction
Scalars and Vectors
Multiplication of Vectors by Real Numbers
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors- Graphical Method
Resolution of Vectors
Motion In a Plane- Position Vector and Displacement
Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
Projectile Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Summary
Introduction
Aristotles Fallacy
The Law of Inertia
Newtons First Law of Motion
Newtons Second Law of Motion
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Conservation of Momentum
Equilibrium of a Particle
Friction
Circular Motion
Solving Problems in Mechanics
Summary
Introduction
Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: The Work- Energy Theorem
Work
Kinetic Energy
Work Done by a Variable Force
The Work Energy Theorem for a Variable Force
The Concept of Potential Energy
The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The potential Energy of a Spring
Various Forms of Energy: The Law of Conservation of Energy
Heat Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Nuclear Energy The Principle of Conservation of Energy
Power
Collisions
Summary
Introduction
Centre of Mass
Motion of Centre of Mass
Linear Mometum of a System of Particles
Vector Product of Two Vectors
Angular Velocity and its Relation with Linear Velocity
Angular acceleration Torque and Angular Momentum
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Centre of gravity Moment of Inertia
Theorems of perpendicular and Parallel Axes
Dynamics of Rotaional motion About a Fixed Axis
Angular Momentum in Case of a Rotation About a Fixed Axis
Rolling Motion
Summary
Introduction
Keplers Laws
Universal Law of Gravitation
The Gravitational Constant
Acceleration Due to Gravity Of Earth
Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Surface of Earth
Gravitational Potential Energy
Escape Speed
Earth satellites
Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
Geostationary and Polar Satellites
Weightlessness
Summary
Introduction
Elastic behaviour of Solids
Stress and Strain
Hooke's Law
Stress -Strain Curve
Elastic Moduli
Applications of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
Summary
Introduction
Pressure
Streamline Flow
Bernoullis Principle
Speed of Efflux: Torricelli?s Law Venturi-meter / Sprayer Dynamic Lift Viscosity
Stoke's Law Reynolds Number
Surface Tension
Drops and Bubbles Capillary Rise Detergents Summary
Introduction
Temperature and Heat
Measurement of Temperature
Ideal - Gas Equation and Absolute Temperature
Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat Capacity
Calorimetry
Change of State
Heat Transfer
Newtons Law of Cooling
Summary
Introduction
Thermal Equilibrium
First law of Thermodynamics
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
Thermodynamic processes
Heat Engines
Refigerators and Heat Pumps
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Carnot Engine
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, Internal energy and Work
Summary
Introduction
Molecular Nature of Matter
Behaviour of Gases
Kinetic Theory of an ideal Gas
Pressure of an Ideal Gas Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature Law of Equipartition of Energy
Specific Heat Capacity of gases, solids and water
Mean free Path
Summary
Periodic and Oscillatory Motions
Introduction
Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion and uniform Circular Motion
Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
Oscillations due to a Spring The Simple Pendulum Damped Simple Harmonic motion
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Summary
Introduction
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Displacement Relation In a Progressive Wave
The Speed of a Travelling Wave
The Principle of Superposition of Waves
Reflection of Waves
Standing Waves and Normal Modes Beats
Doppler Effect
Summary
Chemistry
Fractional Distillation
Chemistry
Oxygen
Chemistry
Thermodynamic processl
Topics Covered
Introduction
Nature of Matter
Uncertainty in Measurement
Significant Figures Dimensional Analysis Daltons Atomic Theory
Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass
Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations
Reactions in Solutions Summary
Introduction
Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron Charge on the Electron Discovery of Protons and Neutrons Atomic
Models
Thomson Model of Atom Rutherford?s Nuclear Model of Atom Atomic Number and Mass Number Isobars
and Isotopes Drawbacks of Rutherford Model Towards Quantum mechanical Model of the Atom
Dual Behaviour of Matter Heisenberg?s Uncertainty Principle Summary
Why do We need to Classify Elements
Genesis of Periodic Classification
Modern periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table
Nomen Clature of Elements with Atomic Numbers>100
Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table
Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: s-.p-,d-,f- Blocks
Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
Summary
Kossel Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bond Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules(The Lewis Structures) Limitations of the
Octet Rule Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
Bond Parameters
Bond Length and Bond Angle Bond Enthalpy and Bond Order Resonance Structures Polarity of Bonds
The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion(VSEPR) Theory
Valence Bond Theory
Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds Hybridisation Types of Hybridisation Molecular
Orbital Theory
Formation of Molecular Orbitals Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals(LCAO) Types of Molecular
Orbitals Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic
Molecules
Hydrogen Bonding
.1 Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond
Summary
Intermolecular Forces
Thermal Energy
Intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions
The Gaseous State
The Gas Laws
Charles Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship) Gay Lussacs Law (Pressure- Temperature Relationship)
Avagadro Law (Volume -Amount Realtionship) Ideal - Gas Equation
Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance
Daltons Law of Partial Pressure
Kinetic molecular Theory of Gases
Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation form Ideal Gas Behaviour
Liquifaction of Gases
Liquid State
Surface Tension Viscocity Summary
Thermodynamic State
The Internal Energy as a State Function Applications
Work Enthalpy Measurement of Delta U and Delta H: Calorimetry
Enthalpy Change, Delta rH of a Reaction - Reaction Enthalpy
Enthalpies for Different types of Reactions
Spontaneity
Gibbs Energy Change Equilibrium
Summary
Equilibrium in Physical Processes
Liquid Vapour Equilibrium Solid Vapour Equilibrium Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid
or Gases in Liquids General Characteristics of Equlibria Involving Physical Processes Equilibrium
in Chemical Processes - Dynamic Equilibrium
Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
Homogenous Equilibria
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Applications of Equilibrium Constants
Predicting the Direction of a Reaction Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations Relationship between
Equilibrium constant K,Reaction Quotient Q, Gibbs Energy G
Factors Affecting Equilibria
Effect of Temperature Change Effect of a Catalyst Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
Acids, Bases and Salts
. The Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases Lewis Acids and Bases Ionisation of Acids and Bases
The PH scale Ionisation Constants of Weak Acids Ionisation of Weak Bases Realtion Between Ka
and Kb Di- and polybasic Acids and Di - Polyacidic Bases Factors Affecting Acid Strength Common
Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases Hydrolysis of Salts and the PH of their Solutions
Buffer Solutions
Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
Common Ion Effect On Solubility of Ionic Salts Summary
Classical Idea of Redox Reactions- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions
Oxidation Number
Types of Redox Reactions Balancing of Redox Reactions Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations
Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
Summary
Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
Dihydrogen, H2
Isotopes of Hydrogen Preparation of Dihydrogen, H2
Commercial Production of Dihydrogen Properties of Dihydrogen
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Uses of Dihydrogen Hydrides
Covalent or Molecular Hydride Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides Water
Physical Properties of Water Structure of Water Structure of Ice Chemical Properties of Water
Hard and Soft Water Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Physical Properties Structure Storage Uses Heavy Water, D2O
Dihydrogen As a Fuel
Summary
Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals
Chemical Properties Uses General Characteristics Of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
Anomalous Properties of Lithium
Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium Some Important Compounds of Sodium
Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
Group 2 Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Chemical Properties Uses General characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals
Anomalous Behaviour of Berryllium
Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium Some Important Compounds of Calcium
Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium
Summary
Group 13 Elements: the Boron Family
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
Some Important Compounds of Boron
Diborane, B2H6 Uses of Boron and Aluminium and their Compounds
Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
Allotropes of Carbon
Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
Summary
General Introduction
Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds
Some Characteristic Features of Pi Bonds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules Classification of Organic Compounds
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
The IUPAC System of Nomenclature IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
having Functional Group Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds Isomerism
Structural Isomerism Stereoisomerism Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
Fission of a Covalent Bond Nucleophiles and Electrophlies Electron Movement in Organic Reactions
Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds Inductive Effect Resonance Structure Resonance
Effect Electromeric Effect (E effect) Hyperconjugation Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
Crystallisation Distillation Differential Extraction Chromatography Qualitative Analysis of Organic
Compounds
Nomenclature and Isomerism Preparation Properties Chemical properties Conformations Structure
of Double Bond Alkenes
Isomerism Preparation Properties Alkynes
Nomenclature and Isomerism Preparation Properties Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Structure of Benzene Aromaticity Preparation of Benzene Properties Directive influence of a functional
group in monosubstituted benzene Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
Summary
Environmental Pollution
Atmospheric Pollution
Tropospheric Pollution Gaseous air pollutants Particulate Pollutants Water Pollution
Causes of Water Pollution Soil Pollution
Industrial Waste
Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution
Green Chemistry
Summary
Biology
Human Respiratory System
Biology
Regulation of cardiac activity
Biology
Transmission of impulses
Topics Covered
What is Living?
Diversity in the living World
Taxonomic Categories
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Taxonomical Aids
Herbarium Botanical Gardens Museum Zoological Parks Key Summary
Levels of Organisation Symmetry Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation Coelom Segmentation
Notochord Classification of Animals
Phylum ? Porifera Phylum ? Coelenterata (Cnidaria Phylum ? Ctenophora Phylum ? Platyhelminthes
Phylum ? Aschelminthes Phylum ? Annelida Phylum ? Arthropoda Phylum ? Mollusca Phylum ? Echinodermata
Phylum ? Hemichordata Phylum ? Chordata Class ? Cyclostomata Class ? Chondrichthyes Class ?
Osteichthyes Class ? Amphibia Class ? Reptilia Class ? Aves Class ? Mammalia Summary
The Root
Regions of the Root Modifications of Root The Stem
Modifications of Stem The Leaf
Venation Types of Leaves Phyllotaxy Modifications of Leaves The Inflorescence
The Flower
Parts of a Flower Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium The Fruit
The Seed
Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed Description of Some Important
Families
Fabaceae Solanaceae Lilaceae Summary
The Tissues
The Tissue System
Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants
Secondary Growth
Summary
Animal Tissues
Organ and Organ System
Earthworm
Cockroach
Frogs
Summary
What is a Cell?
Cell Theory
An Overview of Cell
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Envelope and its Modifications Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane Cell Wall Endomembrane System The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes
Vacuoles Mitochondria Plastids Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella Centrosome and Centrioles
Nucleus Microbodies Summary
How to Analyse Chemical Composition?
Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Biomacromolecules
Proteins
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Structure of Proteins
Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer
Dynamic State of Body Constituents- Concept of Metabolism
Metabolic Basis for Living
The Living State
Enzymes
Chemical Reactions How do Enzymes bring about such High Rates of Chemical Conversions? Nature
of Enzyme Action Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
Co-factors Summary
Cell Cycle
Phases of Cell Cycle M Phase
Significance of Mitosis
Meiosis
Significance of Meiosis
Summary
Means of Transport
Comparison of Different Transport Processes Plant-Water Relations
Water Potential Osmosis Plasmolysis Imbibition Long Distance Transport of Water
Transpiration
Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients
Uptake of Mineral Ions Translocation of Mineral Ions PhloemTransport: Flow From Source to Sink
The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis Summary
Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements
Essential Mineral Elements
Criteria for Essentiality Role of Macro- and Micro-nutrients Deficiency Symptoms of Essential
Elements Toxicity of Micronutrients Mechanism of Absorption of Elements
Splitting of Water Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Where
Are The ATP AND NADPH Used?
The Primary Acceptor of CO2 The Calvin Cycle The C4 Pathway
Photorespiration
Factors Affecting Phototsynthesis
Carbon dioxide Concentration Temperature Water Summary
Do Plants Breathe
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
The Respiratory Balance Sheet
Amphibolic Pathway
Respiratory Quotient
Summary
Growth
Growth is Measurable Phases of Growth Growth Rates Conditions for Growth Differentiation, Dedifferentiation
and Rediffetentiation
Development
Plant Growth Regulators
The Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators Gibberellins
Cytokinins Ethylen Abscisic acid Photoperiodism
Vernalisation
Summary
Digestive System
Alimentary Canal Digestive Glands Digestion of Food
Absorption of Digested Food Products
Disorders of Digestive System
Summary
Respiratory Organs
Human Respiratory System Mechanism of Breathing
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Exchange of Gases
Transport of Gases
Transport of Carbon dioxide Regulation of Respiration
Disorders of Respiratory System
Summary
Blood
Formed Elements Blood Groups Rh grouping Coagulation of Blood Lymph (Tissue Fluid)
Circulatory Pathways
Human Circulatory System Cardiac Cycle Electrocardiograph (ECG) Double Circulation
Regulation of Cardiac Activity
Disorders of Circulatory System
Summary
Human Excretory System
Urine Formation
Function of the Tubules
Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
Regulation of Kidney Function
Micturition
Role of Other Organs in Excretion
Disorders of the Excretory System
Summary
Types of Movement
Muscle
Structure of Contractile Proteins Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Skeletal System
Joints
Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Summary
Neural System
Human Neural System
Central Neural system
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
Sensory Reception and Processing
Eye The Ear Mechanism of Hearing Summary
Neuron as structural and functional unit of neural system
Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse Transmission of impulses
Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Human Endocrine System
The Pituitary Gland The Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Thymus Adrenal Gland Pancreas
Testis Ovary Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Summary
Mathematics
Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes
Mathematics
Mean Deviation for grouped data
Mathematics
Sections of a Cone
Topics Covered
Introduction
Sets and their Representations
The Empty Set
Finite and Infinite Sets
Equal Sets
Subsets
Intervals as subsets of R Power Set
Universal Set
Venn Diagrams
Operations on Sets
Union of sets Intersection of sets Difference of sets Complement of a Set
Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets
Summary
Introduction
Cartesian Products of Sets
Relations
Functions
Some functions and their graphs Algebra of Real Functions Summary
Introduction
Angles
Degree Measure Radian measure Relation between Radian and Real numbers Relation between Degree
and Radian Trigonometric Functions
Sign of Trigonometric Functions Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Functions
of Sum and Difference of Two Angles
Trigonometric Equations
Summary
Introduction
Motivation
The Principle of Mathematical Induction
Summary
Introduction
Complex Numbers
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Addition of two complex numbers Difference of two complex numbers Multiplication of two complex
numbers Division of two complex numbers The square roots of a negative real number Power of
i Identities The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number
Argand Plane and Polar Representation
Polar representation of a complex number Quadratic Equations
Summary
Introduction
Inequalities
Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One Variable and their Graphical Representation
Graphical Solution of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Solution of System of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Summary
Introduction
Fundamental Principle of Counting
Permutations
Permutations when all the objects are distinct Factorial notation Derivation of the formula for
nPr Permutations when all the objects are not distinct objects Combinations
Summary
Introduction
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices
Binomial theorem for any positive integer n, Some special cases In the expansion of (a + b)n,
General and Middle Terms
Summary
Introduction
Sequences
Series
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
Arithmetic mean Geometric Progression (G . P.)
General term of a G .P. Sum to n terms of a G .P. Geometric Mean (G .M.) Relationship Between
A.M. and G.M.
Sum to n Terms of Special Series
Summary
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Slope of a line when coordinates of any two points on the line are given Conditions for parallelism
and perpendicularity of lines in terms of their slopes Angle between two lines A Collinearity
of three points Various Forms of the Equation of a Line
Horizontal and vertical lines Point-slope form Two-point form Slope-intercept form Intercept
- form Normal form General Equation of a Line
Different forms of Ax + By + C = 0 Distance of a Point From a Line
Distance between two parallel lines Summary
Introduction
Circle
Parabola
Standard equations of parabola Latus rectum Ellipse
Special cases of an ellipse Eccentricity Standard equations of an ellipse Latus rectum Relationship
between semi major, semi minor axis and the distance of the focus from the centre Hyperbola
Eccentricity Standard equation of Hyperbola Latus Rectum Summary
Sections of a Cone
Introduction
Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three Dimensional Space
Coordinates of a Point in Space
Distance between Two Points
Section Formula
Summary
Introduction
Intuitive Idea of Derivatives
Limits
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives
Algebra of derivative of functions Derivative of polynomials and Trigonometric Functions Summary
Introduction
Statements
New Statements from Old
Negation of a statement Compound statements Special Words/Phrases
The word And The word Or Quantifiers rd ?And rd ?Or fiers Implications
Contrapositive and converse Validating Statement By Contradiction
Summary
Introduction
Measures of Dispersion
Range
Mean Deviation
Mean deviation for ungrouped data Mean deviation for grouped data Limitations of Mean Deviation
Variance and Standard Deviation