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Physics

Charging by Induction/p>

Physics

Electric Current in Conductors

Physics

Oersted's Experiment

Topics Covered

Introduction
Electrostatic Potential
Potential Due to a Point Charge
Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
Potential Due to a System of Charges
Equipotential Surfaces
Potential Energy of a System of Charges
Potential Energy in an External Field
Electrostatics of Conductors
Dielectrics and Polarisation
Capacitors and Capacitance
The Parallel Plate Capacitor
Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
Combination of Capacitors
Capacitors in series Capacitors in parallel Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Van De Graaff Generator
Summary

Introduction
Electric Current
Electric Currents in Conductors
Ohm s Law
Drift of Electrons and the origin of Resistivity
Limitations of Ohm s Law
Resistivity of Various Materials
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
Electrical Energy, Power
Combination of Resistors- Series and Parallel
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance
Cells in Series and in Parallel
Kirchhoff s Law
Wheatstone Bridge
Meter Bridge
Potentiometer
Summary

Introduction
MagneticForce
Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor Motion in a Magnetic Field
Motion in combined electric and magnetic field-Velocity selector
Magnetic Field due to a Current Element Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
Ampere s Circuital Law
The Solenoid and The Toroid
The solenoid The toroid Force between two parallel currents, the Ampere
Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Summary

Introduction
The Bar Magnet
The magnetic field lines Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid The dipole in a uniform magnetic field Magnetism and Guass s Law
The Earth s Magnetism
Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
Magnetic Properties of Materials
Permanent magnets and Electromagnets
Summary

Introduction
The experiments of Faraday and Henry
Magnetic Flux
Faraday s Law of Induction
Lenz s Law and Conservation of Energy
Motional Electromotive Force
Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
Eddy Currents
Inductance
Mutual Inductance Self Inductance AC Generator
Summary

Introduction
AC Voltage applied to a Resistor
Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors- Phasors
AC Voltage applied to an Inductor
AC Voltage applied to a Capacitor
AC Voltage applied to a Series LCR Circuit
Phasor-diagram solution Resonance Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
LC Oscillations
Transformers
Summary

Introduction
Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Waves
Sources of Electromagnetic Waves Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio waves Microwaves Infrared waves Visible rays Ultraviolet rays X-rays Gamma rays Summary

Introduction
Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
Sign convention Focal length of spherical mirrors The Mirror Equation Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
Refraction by a lens Power of a lens Combination of thin lenses in contact Refraction through a Prism
Dispersion by a Prism
Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight
The Rainbow Scattering of light Optical Instruments
The Eye The Microscope Telescope Summary

Introduction
Huygens Principle
Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle
Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface The Doppler Effect Coherent and incoherent Addition of Waves
Interference of Light Waves and Young s Experiment
Diffraction
The single slit Resolving Power of Pptical Instruments Summary
Polarisation
Polarisation by Scattering
Polarisation by Reflection

Introduction
Electron Emission
Phototelectric Effect
Hallwachs' and Lenard's observations Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
Effect of potential on photoelectric current Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
Einstein's Photoelctric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
Particle Nature of Light: The photon
Wave Nature of Matter
Davisson and Germer Experiment
Summary

Introduction
Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford s Nuclear Model of Atom
Alpha-particle trajectory Electron orbits Atomic Spectra
Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Energy levels The Line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom
De Broglie s Explanation of Bohr s Second Postulate of Quantisation
Summary

Introduction
Atomic Massesand Composition of Nucleus
Size of the Nucleus
Mass - Energy Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Force
Radioactivity
Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma decay Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Reactor Nuclear fusion Energy Generation in Stars Summary

Introduction
Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductor
Extrinsic Semiconductor
p-n Junction
Semiconductor Diode
p-n junction diode under forward bias p-n junction diode under reverse bias Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
Special Purpose of p-n Junction Diodes
Zener diode Optoelectronic junction devices Junction Transistor
Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics Transistor as an Amplifier (CE-Configuration) Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
Integrated Circuits
Summary

Introduction
Elements of a Communication System
Basic Terminology used in Electronic Communication Systems
Bandwidth of Signals
Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
Modulation and its Necessity
Amplitude Modulation
Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
Summary

Chemistry

Conductors

Chemistry

Effects of Hydration Energy and Temperature

Chemistry

Working of Electrochemical Cell

Topics Covered

Introduction
Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
Classification of Crystalline Solids
Molecular Solids Ionic Solids Covalent or Network Solids Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
Primitive and centered Unit cell Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
Body- Centred Cubic Unit Cell Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell Close Packed Structures
Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Packing Efficiency
Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures Efficiency of Packing in Body-Centred Cubic Structures Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
Imperfections in Solids
Types of Point Defects Electrical Properties
Conduction of Electricity in Metals and in Semiconductors Magnetic Properties
Summary

Types of Solutions
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Solubility
Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
Vapour pressure of Liquid Solutions Raoult s Law as a special case of Henry s Law Vapour Pressure of solutions of Solids in liquids Ideal and Non ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions Non- Ideal Solutions Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure Elevation of Boiling point Depression of Feezing Point Osmosis and Osmotic pressure Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification Abnormal Molar Masses
Summary

Electrochemical Cells
Galvanic Cells
Nernst Equation
Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Batteries
Fuel Cells
Corrosion
Summary

Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
Dependence of Rate on Concentration Rate Expression and Rate Constant Order of a Reaction Molecularity of a Reaction Integrated Rate Equations
Zero Order Reactions First Order Reactions Half-Life of a Reaction Pseudo First Order Reaction
Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
Effect of Catalyst Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
Summary

Adsorption
Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption Mechanism of Adsorption Types of Adsorption Adsorption Isotherms Applications of Adsorption Catalysis
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis Shape Selective Catalysis by Zeolites Enzyme Catalysis Catalysts in Industry Colloids
Classification of Colloids
Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion medium Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids Preparation of Colloids Purification of Colloidal Solutions Properties of Colloidal Solutions Emulsions
Colloids Around Us
Summary

Occurrence of Metals
Concentration of Ores
Magnetic Seperation Froth Floatation Method Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
Applications Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
Oxidation Reduction
Refining
Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
Summary

Group 15 Elements
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Dinitrogen
Ammonia
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitric Acid
Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms
Phosphine
Phosphorus Halides
Phosphorus Pentachloride Oxoacids of Phosphorus
Group 16 Elements
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Dioxygen
Simple Oxides
Ozone
Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
Sulphur Dioxide
Oxoacids of Sulphur
Sulphuric Acid
Group 17 Elements
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chlorine
Hydrogen Chloride
Oxoacids of Halogens
Interhalogen Compounds
Group 18 Elements
Summary

Introduction
Electronic Configuration of the d-Block Elements
General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)
Oxidation States Magnetic Properties Formation of Coloured Ions Formation of Complex Compounds Catalytic Properties Formation of Interstitial Compounds Alloy Formation Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
The Inner Transition Elements ( f-BLOCK)
The Lanthanoids The Actinoids
Ionic Sizes Oxidation States General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids Summary

Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds
Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
Bonding in Coordination Compounds
Valence Bond Theory Limitations of Valence Bond Theory Crystal Field Theory Colour in Coordination Compound Stability of Coordination Compounds
Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
Summary

Classification
Nomenclature
Nature of C-X Bond
Methods of Preparation
From Hydrocarbons Halogen Exchange Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Polyhalogen Compounds
Summary

Classification
Nomenclature
Structures of Functional Groups
Alcohols and Phenols , Preparation of Alcohols
Preparation of Alcohols Preparation of Phenols Physical Properties Chemical Reactions Some Commercially Important Alcohols
Ethers
Summary

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
Structure of the Carbonyl Group Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Structure of Carboxyl Group Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Physical properties
Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Summary
Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Reactions Involving Cleavage of O?H Bond Reactions Involving Cleavage of C?OH Bond Reactions Involving ?COOH Group

Structure of Amines
Classification
Nomenclature
Preparation of Amines
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Method of Preparation of Diazoniun Salts
Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
Summary

Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Preparation of Glucose Cyclic Structure of Glucose Structure of Fructose Disaccharides Sucrose Maltose Lactose Polysaccharides Importance of Carbohydrates Proteins
Amino Acids Structure of Proteins Denaturation of Proteins Enzymes
Mechanism of Enzyme Action Vitamins
Classification of Vitamins Nucleic Acids
Structure of Nucleic Acids Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids Summary

Classification of Polymers
Classification Based on Source Classification Based on Structure of Polymers Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation Classification Based on Molecular Forces Types of Polymerisation Reactions
Rubber Molecular Mass of Polymers
Biodegradable Polymers
Polymers of Commercial Importance
Summary

Drugs and their Classification
Classification of Drugs Drug-Target Interaction
Enzymes as Drug Targets Drug-Target Interaction
Receptors as Drug Targets Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
Antacids Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
Antihistamines Neurologically Active Drugs Antimicrobials Antifertility Drugs Chemicals in Food
Artificial Sweetening Agents Chemicals in Food
Food Preservatives Cleansing Agents
Soaps Summary

Biology

Double Fertilization

Biology

Mechanism of Replication

Biology

Tissue Culture

Topics Covered

Asexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Pre-fertilisation Events Fertilisation Post-fertilisation Events Summary

Flower A Fascinating Organ Of Angiosperms
Pre-Fretilisation: Structures and Events
Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and Embryo sac Pollination Double Fertilisation
Post- Fertilisation : Structures and Events
Embryo Seed Summary

Reproductive health- Problems and Strategies
Population Explosion and Birth Control
Medical Termination of Pregnancy(MTP)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDS)
Infertility
Summary

Mendels Law of Inheritance
Inheritance of One Gene
Incomplete Dominance and Co-dominance Inheritance of Two Genes
Law of Independent Assortment Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Linkage and Recombination Sex Determination
Sex Determination in Humans Mutation
Genetic Disorders
Pedigree Analysis Mendelian Disorders Chromosomal disorders Summary

The DNA
Structure of Polynucleotide Chain Packaging of DNA Helix The Search for Genetic Material
The Genetic Material is DNA Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA) RNA World
Replication
The Experimental Proof The Machinery and the EnzymesThe Machinery and the Enzymes Transcription
Transcription Unit and the Gene Types of RNA and the process of Transcription Genetic Code
Mutations and Genetic Code tRNA the Adapter Molecule Translation
Regulation of Gene Expression
The Lac operon Human Genome Project
Salient Features of Human Genome DNA Fingureprinting
Summary

Common Diseases in Humans
Immunity
Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Active and Passive Immunity Vaccination and Immunisation Allergies Auto Immunity Immune System in the Body Aids
Cancer
Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
Summary

Animal Husbandry
Management of Farms and Farm Animals Poultry Farm Management Animal Breeding Bee-keeping Fisheries Plant Breeding
What is Plant Breeding? Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality Single Cell Protein (SCP)
Tissue Culture
Summary

Microbes in Household products
Microbes in Industrial products
Antibiotics Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules Microbes in Sewage Treatment
10.4 Microbes in Production of Biogas
10.5 Microbes in Biocontrol Agents
10.6 Microbes or Biofertilisers
Summary

Principles of Biotechnology
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes Cloning Vectors Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA) Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
Summary

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture
Biotechnical Applications in Medicine
Genetically Engineered Insulin Gene Therapy Molecular Diagnosis Transgenic Animals
Ethical Issues
Summary

Organism and its Environment
Major Abiotic Factors Responses to Abiotic Factors Adaptations Populations
Population Attributes Population Growth Life History Variation Population Interactions Summary

Ecosystem- Struture and Function
Productivity
Decomposition
Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological Succession
Succession of Plants Nutrient Cycling
Ecosystem Carbon Cycle Ecosystem Phosphorus Cycle Ecosystem Services
Summary

Biodiversity
How Many Species are there on Earth and How Many in India? Patterns of Biodiversity The importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem Loss of Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation
Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity? How do we conserve Biodiversity? Summary

Air Pollution and its Control
Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: A Case Study of Delhi Water Pollution and its Control
Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment Solid Wastes
Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste Agro- Chemicals and their Effects
Case Study of Organic Farming Radio Active Wastes
Green House Effect and Global Warming
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
Deforestation
Summary

Mathematics

Addition of Vectors - Properties of Vector Addition

Mathematics

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Mathematics

Some Basic Concepts

Topics Covered

Introduction
Types of Relations
Types of Functions
Composition of Functions and Invertible Function
Binary Operations
Summary

Introduction
Basic Concepts
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Summary

Introduction
Matrix
Order of a matrix Types of Matrices
Equality of matrices Operations on Matrices
Addition of matrices Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar Properties of matrix addition Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix Multiplication of matrices Properties of multiplication of matrices Transpose of a Matrix
Properties of transpose of the matrices Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix
Invertible Matrices
Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations Summary

Introduction
Determinant
Properties of Determinants
Area of a Triangle
Minors and Cofactors
Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
Adjoint of a matrix Applications of Determinants and Matrices
Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a Matrix Summary

Introduction
Continuity
Algebra of continuous functions Differentiability
Derivatives of composite functions Derivatives of implicit functions Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Differentiation
Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms
Second Order Derivative
Mean Value Theorem
Summary

Introduction
Rate of Change of Quantities
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Tangents and Normals
Approximations
Maxima and Minima
Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval Summary

Introduction
Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
Some properties of indefinite integral Comparison between differentiation and integration Methods of Integration
Integrals of Some Particular Functions
Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration by Parts
Integral of the type Definite Integral
Definite integral as the limit of a sum Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Some Properties of Definite Integrals
Summary

Introduction
Area under Simple Curves
The area of the region bounded by a curve and a line Area between Two Curves
Summary

Introduction
Basic Concepts
General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation
Formation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution is given
Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations
equations with variables separable Homogeneous differential equations Linear differential equations Summary

Introduction
Some Basic Concepts
Types of Vectors
Addition of Vectors
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Components of a Vector Vector joining two Points Section Formula Product of Two Vectors
Projection of a vector on a line Vector (or cross) product of two vectors Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors Summary

Introduction
Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
Relation between the direction cosines of a line Direction cosines of a line passing through two points Equation of a Line in Space
Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given vector b Equation of a line passing through two given points Angle between Two Lines
Shortest Distance between Two Lines
Distance between two skew lines Distance between parallel lines Plane
Equation of a plane in normal form Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given vector and passing through a given point Plane passing through the intersection of two given planes Intercept form of the equation of a plane Coplanarity of Two Lines
Angle between Two Planes
Distance of a point from a plane
Angle between a Line and a Plane
Summary

Introduction
Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation
Mathematical formulation of the problem Graphical method of solving linear programming problems Different Types of Linear Programming Problems
Summary

Introduction
Conditional Probability
Properties of conditional probability Multiplication Theorem on Probability
Independent Events
Bayes Theorem
Partition of a sample space and Theorem of total probability Random Variables and its Probability Distributions
Probability distribution of a random variable Mean of a random variable Variance of a random variable Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution
Bernoulli trials Binomial distribution Summary